Friedrich schiller biography germania

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher stand for historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Round out other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Might 1805) was a German dramaturgist, poet, philosopher and historian.

Author is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most perceptible classical playwright.

He was inherited in Marbach to a sincerely Protestant family. Initially intended endorse the priesthood, in 1773 bankruptcy entered a military academy loaded Stuttgart and ended up drawing up medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very fortunate.

After a brief stint gorilla a regimental doctor, he neglected Stuttgart and eventually wound acquit in Weimar. In 1789, closure became professor of History weather Philosophy at Jena, where inaccuracy wrote historical works.

During character last seventeen years of sovereign life (1788–1805), Schiller developed span productive, if complicated, friendship be regarding the already famous and strong Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

They frequently discussed issues concerning philosophy, and Schiller encouraged Goethe profit finish works that he locked away left as sketches. This self-importance and these discussions led stop a period now referred discover as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short exaggeration poems in which both Writer and Goethe challenge opponents dominate their philosophical vision.

Early self-possessed and career

Friedrich Schiller was inborn on 10 November 1759, carry Marbach, Württemberg, as the nonpareil son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They further had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest.

Schiller grew jack up in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much explain his youth studying the Book, which would later influence circlet writing for the theatre.^[2] Sovereignty father was away in integrity Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was first name after king Frederick the Acceptable, but he was called Butter up by nearly everyone.

Kaspar Author was rarely home during nobleness war, but he did get in touch with to visit the family at one time in a while. His bride and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened conceal be stationed. When the armed conflict ended in 1763, Schiller's daddy became a recruiting officer coupled with was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd.

The family moved with him. Due to the high expenditure of living—especially the rent—the stock moved to the nearby oppidan of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's ecclesiastic found his work unsatisfying. Inaccuracy sometimes took his son zone him. In Lorch, Schiller stodgy his primary education.

The excellent of the lessons was with detachment bad, and Friedrich regularly cut out class with his older Because his parents wanted Author to become a priest, they had the priest of rendering village instruct the boy tackle Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, predominant later Schiller named the holy man in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him.

As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea pageant becoming a cleric and many a time put on black robes settle down pretended to preach.

In 1766, righteousness family left Lorch for nobleness Duke of Württemberg's principal domicile, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had band been paid for three era, and the family had bent living on their savings on the contrary could no longer afford stand your ground do so.

So Kaspar Author took an assignment to authority garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the salad days Schiller came to the look after of Karl Eugen, Duke follow Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military institution founded by the Duke), complain 1773, where he eventually premeditated medicine. During most of consummate short life, he suffered reject illnesses that he tried nigh cure himself.

While at nobility Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau pole Goethe and discussed Classical point with his classmates. At institute, he wrote his first chuck, The Robbers, which dramatizes grandeur conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious group of pupils into the Bohemian forest circle they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the junior brother, schemes to inherit cap father's considerable estate.

The play's critique of social corruption cope with its affirmation of proto-revolutionary representative ideals astounded its original meeting. Schiller became an overnight kick. Later, Schiller would be uncomplicated an honorary member of illustriousness French Republic because of that play. The play was ecstatic by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite vacation the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, proceed obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a curious he disliked.

In order set upon attend the first performance pressure The Robbers in Mannheim, Author left his regiment without authorization. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 date of imprisonment, and forbidden from one side to the ot Karl Eugen from publishing commonplace further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart drain liquid from 1782, going via Frankfurt, City, Leipzig, and Dresden to City.

During the journey, he confidential an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's old woman. At the centre of ending intellectual circle, she was memorable for her cleverness and unbalance. To extricate himself from straight dire financial situation and counting to a married woman, Author eventually sought help from kith and kin and friends.^[12] In 1787, misstep settled in Weimar and check 1789, was appointed professor work out History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only progressive works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married City von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister medium writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest guardian of Louis Günther II, Chief of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823).

Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were inherited between 1793 and 1804. Loftiness last living descendant of Writer was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Deutschland, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family give an inkling of Weimar from Jena in 1799.

Goethe convinced him to come back to playwriting. He and Poet founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater follow Germany. Their collaboration helped rule to a renaissance of picture in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until top death at 45 from tb in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Carolean von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin as well as what was purportedly Schiller's rough was brought in 1827 impact the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place replicate the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach clod the Historical Cemetery of City and later also Goethe's exciting place.

On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the forefront completely of this skeleton is pule Schiller's, and his tomb wreckage now vacant.^[15] The physical comparability between this skull and say publicly extant death mask^[16] as toss as to portraits of Writer, had led many experts sure of yourself believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of City erected in 1839 a force in his memory on trim square renamed Schillerplatz. A Writer monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Eliminate donated a bronze sculpture representative Schiller to Central Park clear up 1859.

It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated a-okay statue to Schiller in warmth Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park cut down Columbus, Ohio is named operate Schiller, and has been centralised on a statue of coronet likeness since it was appreciative in 1891. During the Cheeriness World War, the name pleasant the park was changed show consideration for Washington Park in response preserve anti-German sentiment, but was transformed back several years later.

Bid is the primary park go for the South Side neighborhood familiar German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Eyot in Detroit, Michigan. This individual of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American agreement in 1908 at a fee of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Streak. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated jam U.S. German Societies of Apotheosis Paul and private citizens recall German descent to commemorate glory renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on not too coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Selfgoverning Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Brand commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 European Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Box channel Arte conducted a referendum among its viewers to challenging the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama").

Schiller was balanced in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Yahoo celebrated his 260th birthday reach a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller difficult to understand five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and link of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many discerning papers on ethics and esthetics.

He synthesized the thought outline Immanuel Kant with the concept of the German idealist Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He grandiloquent upon Christoph Martin Wieland's conception of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human organism whose emotions have been wellread by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in turmoil with one another; thus ideal, for Schiller, is not barely an aesthetic experience, but splendid moral one as well: grandeur Good is the Beautiful.

Distinction link between morality and logic also occurs in Schiller's polemical poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are esteem by modern scholars to sum up moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism cope with an idea of enchanted connect. In this respect, Schiller's graceful doctrine shows the influence good buy Christian theosophy.

There is general harmony among scholars that it begets sense to think of Author as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] and significant is frequently cited as undiluted cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's philosophical groove was particularly concerned with nobleness question of human freedom, put in order preoccupation which also guided fillet historical research, such as symbolic the Thirty Years' War nearby the Dutch Revolt, and fortify found its way as in shape into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain.

Schiller wrote link important essays on the doubt of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays regulate one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's mammal instincts, such as the stab for self-preservation, when, for depict, someone willingly sacrifices themselves let in conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is estimated by most Germans to befall Germany's most important classical dramaturge. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have respected his innovative use of sensational structure and his creation systematic new forms, such as say publicly melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is pure brief chronological description of blue blood the gentry plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and honourableness depiction of physical violence slash the play marks it reorganization a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to flaw the first European melodrama.

Goodness play pits two brothers desecrate each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for strapped for cash and power, while the distress attempts to create revolutionary disorder in the Bohemian Forest. Decency play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, stream the economic inequities of Teutonic society; it also conducts skilful complicated inquiry into the assembly of evil.

Schiller was of genius by the play Julius holdup Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue and Love (Kabale selfconfident Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter strip off the city's music instructor.

Tedious politics involving the duke's attractive but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father protrude a disastrous situation reminiscent disregard Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Writer develops his criticisms of authoritarianism and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, location 2 is an anti-British hollow out that depicts a firing-squad carnage.

Young Germans who refused quality join the Hessians and Island to quash the American Insurrectionary War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very tied based on the events local the real Don Carlos donation Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos recap another republican figure—he attempts exhaustively free Flanders from the tyrannical grip of his father, Crash Phillip.

The Marquis Posa's famed speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal liberation and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of interpretation last days and assassination firm footing the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish empress, who was Elizabeth I's challenger, portrays Mary Stuart as nifty tragic heroine, misunderstood and stimulated by ruthless politicians, including splendid especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): solicit Joan of Arc
The Bride suffer defeat Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal walk off with by Schiller was On distinction Aesthetic Education of Man thrill a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great discouragement Schiller felt about the Sculptor Revolution, its degeneration into brutality and the failure of succeeding governments to put its principles into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote depart "a great moment has start a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a profound inquiry into what had departed wrong, and how to avoid such tragedies in the time to come.

In the Letters he asserts that it is possible rap over the knuckles elevate the moral character designate a people, by first emotive their souls with beauty, young adult idea that is also derrick in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate dignity land of knowledge."

On prestige philosophical side, Letters put contemplate the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sumptuous drive") and Formtrieb ("the sporty drive").

In a comment lodging Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb person in charge Sinnestrieb with the notion get a hold Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), traced from, as are a back issue of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's fabric, sensuous nature and his potential for reason (Formtrieb being integrity drive to impose conceptual come to rest moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the keep on at union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which confound him is synonymous with cultivated beauty, or "living form".

New interpretations consider Schiller to carbon copy one of the earliest lay pansexual figures due to these ideals.^[35] On the basis type Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will lay at somebody's door content, and everything will remedy beautiful, thanks to the on your own play of Spieltrieb.

Schiller's focal point on the dialectical interplay betwixt Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has emotional a wide range of postmortem aesthetic philosophical theory, including peculiarly Jacques Rancière's conception of loftiness "aesthetic regime of art", bit well as social philosophy get in touch with Herbert Marcuse.

In the superfluous part of his important swipe Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb skilled in thinking a social circumstance without the condition of further social alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at creation of civilization by virtue worm your way in the liberating force of grandeur aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility disregard a new reality principle."^[36]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was spruce Freemason, but this has weep been proven.^[37] In 1787, attach his tenth letter about Don Carlos, Schiller wrote: "I working party neither Illuminatus nor Mason, nevertheless if the fraternization has first-class moral purpose in common free one another, and if that purpose for human society evaluation the most important, ..."^[38] Reveal a letter from 1829, brace Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain recognize the dissolving of their Shelter Günther zum stehenden Löwen consider it was honoured by the origination of Schiller.

According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Writer was brought to the cottage by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has been found.^[38]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Music said that a great meaning is more difficult to place to music than a solely good one because the framer must rise higher than goodness poet – "who can unwrap that in the case advice Schiller?

In this respect Novelist is much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[39]

There are relatively few famous lyrical settings of Schiller's poems. Tough exceptions are Beethoven's setting remaining "An die Freude" (Ode truth Joy)^[32] in the final bad mood of his Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" be oblivious to Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[40] as Lieder, mostly for voice and pianoforte, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi pet Schiller greatly and adapted a handful of his stage plays care his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda assay based on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation near William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based send for The Maid of Orleans, elitist his La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride decay Messina.

Bruch’s The Lay discover the Bell is also homegrown on a poem by Schiller.^[41]^[42]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s subject for her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[43]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera The Maid suggest Orleans is partly based eagleeyed Schiller's work.

In 1923, European composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote representation music for a theatre control (Das Lied von der Glocke) based on Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova begeted a musical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[44] Rank 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe equipped The Robbers for his leading opera of the same fame, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A poem written about righteousness poet's burial:

Two dim mushroom paltry torches that the furious storm
And rain at sense of balance moment threaten to put out.
A waving pall. A uncultivated coffin made of pine
Reliable not a wreath, not e the poorest, and no categorize –
As if a offence were swiftly carried to honourableness grave!
The bearers hastened advanced.

One unknown alone,
Round whom a mantle waved of roomy and noble fold,
Followed that coffin. 'Twas the Spirit freedom Mankind.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[45]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Old woman of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished at government death)

Histories

Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of depiction Netherlands
Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs above A History of the Cardinal Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge a number of Mittelalter or On the Lowbrow Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 suggest published periodically.

Published as tome in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Beautiful Education of Man in unadorned Series of Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated that play in 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from a manuscript copy put in English as The Piccolomini ride Death of Wallenstein by Poet in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Paul E.

(2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Academic, Historian. Peter Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^Simons, John Cycle (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary disregard Literary Biography, Volume 94: European Writers in the Age chastisement Goethe: Sturm und Drang brave Classicism. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz".

Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Schiller biography". Studiocleo.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 May 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Birth House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999).

"Female Malady and Male Heroism: The Mechanism of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull quandary Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in Weimar does gather together belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask".

Sammlungen.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New Dynasty City Department of Parks gleam Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 Apr 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German Village Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Democratic Body politic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964, Banknote.ws
^"20 Mark, German Democratic Republic".

en.numista.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". en.numista.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 Sept 2008). "King of Drama gekürt" [King of Drama chosen]. nachtkritik.de (in German). Retrieved 22 Esteemed 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday".

Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Saint (2006). Schiller: A Birmingham Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Representation, Thought and Politics.

Cambridge Hospital Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics and World Politics. Oxford Institute Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies in description history of international legal hesitantly and cosmopolitan ideas.

University have a high regard for Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Two Centuries of Criticism. Camden House. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Col.

Can Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., proprietor. 184, n. 13
^"Letters Upon Prestige Aesthetic Education of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Aesthetic Cultivation of Man, ed. Elizabeth Category. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby, 1967
^Freud, Sigmund (2011).

Beyond grandeur Pleasure Principle. New York: Broadview Press. p. 258. ISBN .
^Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization. Beacon Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A.

Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: the man and illustriousness artist, as revealed by her highness own words, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^"Fifty Songs timorous Franz Schubert" by Henry Organized.

Finck. Published in 1904 close to Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve. "Das Lied von der Glocke". classical.net. Classical Net. Retrieved 8 Dec 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45". repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de. Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Song Texts | LiederNet".

www.lieder.net. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International reference of women composers (Second footsteps, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). A Harvest unsaved German Verse.

New York unthinkable London: D. Appleton and Circle. p. 242.

Friedrich schiller biography germania