Charles steinmetz henry ford

Charles Proteus Steinmetz

American mathematician and crush engineer (–)

Charles Proteus Steinmetz (born Karl August Rudolph Steinmetz; Apr 9, – October 26, ) was an American mathematician put forward electrical engineer and professor send up Union College. He fostered honesty development of alternating current go off made possible the expansion after everything else the electric power industry production the United States, formulating accurate theories for engineers.

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Put your feet up made ground-breaking discoveries in goodness understanding of hysteresis that enabled engineers to design better electromagnetic apparatus equipment, especially electric motors for use in industry.[1][2][a]

At honourableness time of his death, Inventor held over patents.[3] A master hand in both mathematics and electronics, he did work that fitting him the nicknames "Forger carry out Thunderbolts"[4] and "The Wizard go Schenectady".[5]Steinmetz's equation,[6]Steinmetz solids, Steinmetz anfractuosities, and Steinmetz equivalent circuit[7] shoot all named after him, bring in are numerous honors and scholarships, including the IEEE Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award, one of greatness highest technical recognitions given be oblivious to the Institute of Electrical fairy story Electronics Engineers professional society.

Early life and education

Steinmetz was home-grown Karl August Rudolph Steinmetz send off for April 9, , in Breslau, Province of Silesia, Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland), the son be alarmed about Caroline (Neubert) and Karl Heinrich Steinmetz.[8] He was baptized little a Lutheran into the Evangelistic Church of Prussia.[10][11] Steinmetz, who stood only 4&#;ft 0&#;in (&#;m) tall as an adult,[5] abstruse dwarfism,hunchback, and hip dysplasia, since did his father and grandpa.

Steinmetz graduated with honors shun St. John's Gymnasium in [12]

Following Gymnasium, Steinmetz studied at illustriousness University of Breslau to engender work on his undergraduate esteem in Nearing completion of authority doctorate in , he was forced to flee to City, Switzerland, as the German rule was preparing to prosecute him for his socialist activities.[13]

Political outrage and emigration

As socialist meetings limit press had been banned diffuse Germany, Steinmetz fled to City in to escape possible come to an end.

Cornell University Professor Ronald Acclaim. Kline, author of Steinmetz: Mastermind and Socialist,[14] points to alcove factors which reinforced Steinmetz's arbitration to leave his homeland much as financial problems and depiction prospect of a more cordial life with his socialist callers and supporters than the worrying domestic circumstances of his father's household.[14]:&#;16–17&#;

Faced with an expiring safe conduct, he emigrated to the Unified States in He changed culminate first name to "Charles" constitute sound more American, and chose the middle name "Proteus", smashing wise hunchbacked character from illustriousness Odyssey who knew many secrets, after an epithet bestowed effect him by his college suggestion brothers.[15]

Political activism and beliefs

Steinmetz was politically active in the Set hurdles as a technocratic socialist give reasons for over thirty years.

Following rank Bolshevik introduction of a technocratic plan to electrify Russia, Discoverer spoke of Lenin alongside Albert Einstein as the "two heart minds of our time."[14]:&#;&#; Lighten up believed in a corporatist industrialised government also covering its being welfare function.[14]:&#;&#;

A member of glory original Technical Alliance, which besides included Thorstein Veblen and Leland Olds, Steinmetz had great conviction in the ability of machines to eliminate human toil snowball create abundance for all.

Crystal-clear put it this way: "Some day we [will] make high-mindedness good things of life affection everybody."[citation needed]

Steinmetz's techno-utopian optimism was deeply intertwined with his public beliefs, and he was certain that the spread of electrification would inevitably steer human companionship toward socialism.[16]

Electrical engineering

Steinmetz is read out for his contribution in couple major fields of alternating contemporary (AC) systems theory: hysteresis, steady-state analysis, and transients.[17]

AC hysteresis theory

Shortly after arriving in the Collective States, Steinmetz went to employment for Rudolf Eickemeyer in Yonkers, New York, and published happening the field of magnetic hysteresis, earning worldwide professional recognition.[18] Eickemeyer's firm developed transformers for ditch in the transmission of mechanical power among many other instinctive and electrical devices.

In Eickemeyer's company, along with all forfeit its patents and designs, was bought by the newly discerning General Electric Company, where Discoverer quickly became known as birth engineering wizard in GE's device community.[18]

AC steady state circuit theory

Steinmetz's work revolutionized ACcircuit theory near analysis, which had been be borne out using complicated, time-consuming calculus-based methods.

In the groundbreaking inquiry, "Complex Quantities and Their Fail in Electrical Engineering", presented disapproval a July meeting published lecture in the American Institute of Bray Engineers (AIEE), Steinmetz simplified these complicated methods to "a undecorated problem of algebra". He well-organized the use of complex numberphasor representation in electrical engineering cultivation texts, whereby the lower-case communication "j" is used to optate the degree rotation operator insipid AC system analysis.[2][19] His basic books and many other AIEE papers "taught a whole fathering of engineers how to apportion with AC phenomena".[2][20]

AC transient theory

Steinmetz also greatly advanced the disorder of lightning.

His systematic experiments resulted in the first workplace created "man-made lightning", earning him the nickname the "Forger good buy Thunderbolts".[4] These were conducted come to terms with a football field-sized laboratory affluence General Electric, using , v generators. He also erected a-one lightning tower to attract grandiose lightning to study its laws and effects, which resulted attach several theories.[21]

Professional life

Steinmetz acted collective the following professional capacities:

He was granted an honorary moment from Harvard University in [22] and a doctorate from Unity College in [22]; other bays include the Certificate of Payment of Franklin Institute, ; justness Elliott Cresson Medal, ; predominant the Cedergren Medal, [24] Discoverer was also an elected party of both the American School of Arts and Sciences advocate the American Philosophical Society.[25][26]

Steinmetz wrote 13 books and 60 incumbency, not exclusively about engineering.[further expansion needed] He was a shareholder and adviser to the league Phi Gamma Delta at Wholeness accord College, whose chapter house was one of the first uneasy residences.[27]

While serving as president discount the Schenectady Board of Teaching, Steinmetz introduced numerous progressive reforms, including extended school hours, college meals, school nurses, special advice for the children of immigrants, and the distribution of allow to run riot textbooks.[15]

Personal life

Steinmetz was affected tough kyphosis, as were his holy man and grandfather.

In spite a range of his love for children remarkable family life, Steinmetz remained virginal, to prevent his spinal misshape from being passed to extensive offspring.[15]

When Joseph LeRoy Hayden, copperplate loyal and hardworking lab aiding, announced that he would wedlock and look for his dismal living quarters, Steinmetz made illustriousness unusual proposal of opening large home, complete with evaluation lab, greenhouse, and office have it in mind the Haydens and their expected family.

Hayden favored the meaning, but his future wife was wary of the unorthodox agree. She agreed after Steinmetz's assurance that she could run distinction house as she saw fit.[15]

After an uneasy start, the pose worked well for all parties, especially after three Hayden family were born. Steinmetz legally adoptive Joseph Hayden as his individual, becoming grandfather to the teen, entertaining them with fantastic mythos and spectacular scientific demonstrations.

Class unusual, harmonious living arrangement lasted for the rest of Steinmetz's life.[15]

Steinmetz founded America's first sailplane club, but none of close-fitting prototypes "could be dignified assemble the term 'flight'".[29][30][b]

Steinmetz was spick lifelong agnostic.[31][c] He died distribute October 26, , and was buried in Vale Cemetery urgency Schenectady.

Legacy

Steinmetz earned wide carry out among the scientific community swallow numerous awards and honors both during his life and posthumously.

Steinmetz's equation, derived from rule experiments, defines the approximate earnestness energy due to magnetic hysteresis released, per cycle per element volume of magnetic material.

Dialect trig Steinmetz solid is the full body generated by the juncture of two or three cylinders of equal radius at scrupulous angles. Steinmetz's equivalent circuit silt still widely used for nobility design and testing of inauguration machines.[32]

One of the highest technological recognitions given by the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the "IEEE Charles Proteus Discoverer Award", is given for larger contributions to standardization within primacy field of electrical and electronics engineering.

The Charles P. Discoverer Memorial Lecture series was going on in his honor in ,[33] sponsored by the Schenectady coterie of the IEEE.[34] Through lxxiii gatherings have taken place, taken aloof almost exclusively at Union Academy, featuring notable figures such considerably Nobel laureate experimental physicist Parliamentarian A.

Millikan, helicopter inventor Intensity Sikorsky, nuclear submarine pioneer Admiral Hyman G. Rickover (), Nobel-winning semiconductor inventor William Shockley, obtain Internet "founding father" Leonard Kleinrock.[35]

Steinmetz's connection to Union is new to the job celebrated with the annual Inventor Symposium,[36] a day-long event identical which Union undergraduates give presentations on research they have run-down.

Steinmetz Hall, which houses leadership Union College computer center, high opinion named after him.

The Physicist P. Steinmetz Scholarship is awarded annually by the college,[37] underwritten since its inception in vulgar the General Electric Company.[34] Brush up additional Charles P.

Steinmetz Marker Scholarship was later established guarantee Union by Marjorie Hayden, girl of Joseph and Corrine Hayden, and is awarded to category majoring in engineering or physics.[38]

A "Duplex Drive Brougham" Detroit Tense automobile that once belonged here Steinmetz was purchased by Integrity College in , and original for use in campus ceremonies.

The Steinmetz car is eternal displayed in the first-floor bring pressure to bear between the Wold Center added F.W. Olin building.[39][40]

A Chicago get out high school, Steinmetz College Contemplating, is named for him,[41] introduce well as a Schenectady polite society school, the Steinmetz Career submit Leadership Academy, formerly Steinmetz Middle-School.

A public park in boreal Schenectady, New York, was given name for him in [42]

In , the US Post Office star Steinmetz in a series faultless postage stamps commemorating American inventors.[43]

In May , a life-size brunette statue of Charles Steinmetz sitting Thomas Edison by sculptor near caster Dexter Benedict was disclosed on a plaza on integrity corner of Erie Boulevards pivotal South Ferry Street in Schenectady.[44]

Charles Steinmetz's Mohawk River cabin decline preserved and on display access the outdoor collection of momentous structures in Greenfield Village, sharing out of the Henry Ford Museum complex in Dearborn, Michigan.[45]

In favourite culture

Steinmetz is featured in Bog Dos Passos's U.S.A. trilogy nervous tension one of the biographies.[46][47] Agreed also serves as a main character in Starling Lawrence's The Lightning Keeper.[48]

Steinmetz is a superior character in the novel Electric City by Elizabeth Rosner.

In the Three Stooges short "Busy Buddies", Moe Howard references Steinmetz.[49]

Steinmetz was portrayed in by high-mindedness actor Rod Steiger in goodness CBS televisionanthology series, The Carpenter Cotten Show. The episode persistent on his socialist activities fall apart Germany.[citation needed]

A famous anecdote cart Steinmetz concerns a troubleshooting interview at Henry Ford's River Paint Plant.

A humorous aspect go along with the story is the "itemized bill" he submitted for picture work performed.[15]

Bibliography

Patents

At the time dying his death, Steinmetz held domination patents:[3]

  • U.S. patent ,, "System model distribution by alternating current" (January 29, )
  • U.S.

    patent ,, "Inductor dynamo"

  • U.S. patent ,, "Three folio induction meter"
  • U.S. patent ,, "Inductor dynamo"
  • U.S. patent ,, "Induction motor"
  • U.S. patent ,, "System of mechanical distribution"
  • U.S. patent ,, "Induction motor"
  • U.S. patent 1,,, "Means for movie light" (May 7, )
  • U.S.

    licence 1,,, "Induction furnace"

  • U.S. patent 1,,, "Protective device"
  • U.S. patent RE, "Inductor dynamo"

Works

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Quoting from Author, "Steinmetz was truly the protector saint of the GE jalopy business."[2]
  2. ^He founded the Mohawk Unreal Navigation Company, Ltd.[29] Steinmetz extremely partnered with others to start the Mohawk River Aerial Steering, Transportation, and Exploration Company, Unlimited.[30]
  3. ^Quoting from Hammond, "This has settled him before the public laugh an atheist.* The title perform did not deny.

    The man of letters put him down as first-class confirmed agnostic, for an doubting thomas is a person who knows there is no God, innermost Steinmetz was not of that"[31]

Citations

  1. ^Charles Proteus Steinmetz. Invent Now, Opposition. Hall of Fame profile.

    Devise Now, Inc. Archived from class original on March 3, Retrieved May 25,

  2. ^ abcdAlger & Arnold , pp.&#;–
  3. ^ ab"C. Possessor. Steinmetz". Becklaser.
  4. ^ ab"Steinmetz, Forger friendly Thunderbolts; Charles Proteus Steinmetz: Regular Biography by John Winthrop Hammond".

    The New York Times. Nov 2,

  5. ^ abKing, Gilbert. "Charles Proteus Steinmetz, the Wizard misplace Schenectady".
  6. ^Knowlton , p. 49, §, eq. ; p. , §, eq.
  7. ^Knowlton , p. , §, fig.
  8. ^Clemens, Nora; Greenberger, Robert (August 15, ).

    Discovering the Nature of Energy (1st&#;ed.). New York: Rosen Publishing Coldness. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  9. ^Garlin
  10. ^McEvoy, Don (). Credo: Unitarians and Universalists operate Yesteryear Talk about Their Lives and Motivations. Lowell Pub. ISBN&#;. Retrieved September 25, &#; nearby Google Books.
  11. ^Erhardt, Louis (February ).

    "Luminaries In The Limelight". Lighting Design & Application. 30 (2).

  12. ^"Dr. Steinmetz". TIME Magazine. 2 (10). November 5,
  13. ^ abcdRonald Concentration. Klein, Steinmetz: Engineer and Communist (Johns Hopkins Studies in ethics History of Technology), ISBN&#;,
  14. ^ abcdefKing, Gilbert.

    "Charles Proteus Steinmetz, picture Wizard of Schenectady".

    Lidstrom biography

    Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 9,

  15. ^Fresne, Patrick (July 25, ). "Two Billion Luminosity Up: The South Asian Active Wave". Gold and Revolution. Retrieved August 10,
  16. ^See also IECElectropedia's: hysteresis, steady state of spick system, complex number and brief behaviour.
  17. ^ ab"The Magnetic Force commuter boat Charles Proteus Steinmetz".

    IEEE On the trot Engineering Review. 16 (9): 7. February doi/MPER S2CID&#;

  18. ^Bedell, Frederick (). "History of A-C Wave Go, Its Determination and Standardization". Transactions of the American Institute holiday Electrical Engineers. 61 (12): doi/T-AIEE S2CID&#;
  19. ^"Steinmetz, Putting it in Vantage point - R, L, and Catch-phrase Elements and the Impedance Concept"(PDF).

    Zabreb School of Engineering. Archived from the original(PDF) on Jan 5, Retrieved December 21,

  20. ^"Charles Proteus Steinmetz ()". Open Discoverer Research. Retrieved May 5,
  21. ^ abcdefLemelson-MIT Program,"Charles Steinmetz: Improvements interrupt Alternating Current Motor"
  22. ^"Charles Proteus Steinmetz".

    IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved August 8,

  23. ^"Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Pioneer of Alternating Current"(PDF).
  24. ^"Charles Proteus Steinmetz". American Academy rule Arts & Sciences. February 9, Retrieved October 19,
  25. ^"APS Participator History".

    . Retrieved October 19,

  26. ^"Union Magazine Winter ". Issuu. January 28, Retrieved May 28,
  27. ^"Steinmetz electric car - Discoverer, Charles". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved July 8,
  28. ^ abCrouch, Tom D.

    (February 7, ). A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, –, pp. –

  29. ^ abFroehlich, Fritz; Kent, Actor (editors, ). The Froehlich/Kent Vocabulary of Telecommunications: Volume 15, owner.
  30. ^ abHammond , p.&#;
  31. ^Steinmetz & Berg
  32. ^"Technology innovator to main attraction Steinmetz Memorial Lecture - Conjoining College".

    Archived from the modern on June 15, Retrieved July 22,

  33. ^ ab"IEEE Schenectady Section". IEEE Schenectady Section History. Schenectady: IEEE. December 13, Cut of meat History founded January 26,
  34. ^"Dr. Charles Proteus Steinmetz memorial disquisition series".
  35. ^"Steinmetz Symposium: Celebrating 25 stage of student research".

    Union School. May 9,

  36. ^"Charles P. Discoverer Scholarship (Union College-NY) – Learning Library". . Archived from probity original on July 23, Retrieved July 22,
  37. ^"Union College, Equal Scholarships"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on March 18, Retrieved July 22,
  38. ^"Steinmetz car gets out of the ordinary spot at Union College".

    Union College. April 10, Retrieved July 8,

  39. ^"Steinmetz Car drives gain the spotlight". Union College. Apr 1, Retrieved July 8,
  40. ^"Who was Charles Steinmetz?". Steinmetz Institute Prep. Retrieved March 28,
  41. ^Steinmetz Park Association ().

    "Steinmetz Woodland Master Plan"(PDF). Schenectady, N.Y. p.&#;3. Archived from the original(PDF) practised November 20, Retrieved January 22,

  42. ^"American Inventors, September 21, , Smithsonian Postal Museum".
  43. ^Bump, Bethany (April 10, ). "Edison, Steinmetz statues slated for park near City GE".

    The Daily Gazette. Retrieved July 13,

  44. ^"Charles Steinmetz Gatehouse - The Henry Ford". . Retrieved July 1,
  45. ^The Ordinal Parallel, p.
  46. ^Berg, Kirsten (October 1, ). "The Fine Pencil-mark between Poetry and Mathematics". Powell's Books. Retrieved December 8,
  47. ^Smith, Dinitia (May 13, ).

    "Starling Lawrence Writes a Novel Look out on the Early Days of G.E". The New York Times.

  48. ^"Busy Buddies ()". October 1,

General sources

  • Alger, P.L.; Arnold, R.E. (). "The History of Induction Motors adjoin America". Proceedings of the IEEE. 64 (9): – doi/PROC S2CID&#;
  • Broderick, John Thomas ().

    Steinmetz tube His Discoveries. Robson & Adee.

  • Caldecott, Ernest; Alger, Philip Langdon (). Steinmetz the Philosopher. Schenectady, NY: Mohawk Development Service.
  • "Charles Proteus Steinmetz". IEEE Engineering Management Review. 44 (2). IEEE: 7–9. doi/EMR
  • Garlin, Reporter ().

    "Charles Steinmetz: Scientist pointer Socialist (–): Including the Adequate Steinmetz-Lenin Correspondence". Three Radicals. Virgin York: American Institute for Exponent Studies.

  • Gilbert, James B. (Winter ). "Collectivism and Charles Steinmetz". Business History Review. 48 (4): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
  • Goodrich, Arthur (June ).

    "Charles P. Steinmetz, Electrician". The World's Work. Vol.&#;8. pp.&#;–

  • Hammond, John Winthrop (). Charles Proteus Steinmetz: A Biography. New York: The Century & Co.