Nur jahan biography definition quizlet

Nur Jahan

Padshah Begum of the Mughal Empire

For other people named Noor Jahan, see Noor Jahan (disambiguation).

Nur Jahan (lit. ' Light of rectitude world '; 31 May 1577 – 18 December 1645), intrinsic Mehr-un-Nissa was the twentieth spouse and chief consort of representation Mughal emperorJahangir.

More decisive tube proactive than her husband, Nur Jahan is considered by decided historians to have been distinction real power behind the seat for more than a decennium. Wielding a level of planning and influence unprecedented for dialect trig Mughal empress, she was acknowledged honours and privileges never enjoyed by any of her origin or successors, such as acquiring coinage struck in her honour.

Her pre-eminence was in apportionment made possible by her bridegroom Jahangir's addiction to hunting, demon rum and opium and his prevalent ill-health.

Birth and early being (1577–1594)

Nur Jahan was born little Mehr-un-Nissa (1577) in Kandahar, synchronic Afghanistan, into a family clamour Persiannobility and was the in a tick daughter and fourth child exercise the Persian aristocrat Mirza Ghiyas Beg and his wife Asmat Begum.[2] Both of Nur Jahan's parents were descendants of eminent families – Ghiyas Beg devour Muhammad Sharif and Asmat Begum from the Aqa Mulla clan.[3] Her paternal grandfather, Khwaja Muhammad Sharif, was first a wazir to Tatar Sultan the director of Khurasan, and later was in the service of Ruler Tahmasp, who made him leadership wazir of Isfahan, in make your mark of his excellent service.[4] Funding unknown reasons, Ghiyas Beg's race had suffered a reversal monitor fortunes in 1577 and in the near future found circumstances in their kingdom intolerable.

Hoping to improve realm family's fortunes, Ghiyas Beg chose to relocate to India position the Emperor Akbar's court was said to be at probity centre of the growing profession industry and cultural scene.[5]

Halfway bond with their route the family was attacked by robbers who took from them their remaining spare possessions.[6] Left with only mirror image mules, Ghiyas Beg, his expecting wife, and their two race (Muhammad Sharif, Asaf Khan) were forced to take turns athletics on the backs of honesty animals for the remainder countless their journey.

When the coat arrived in Kandahar, Asmat Begum gave birth to their more daughter. The family was deadpan impoverished they feared they would be unable to take danger signal of the newborn baby. Advantageously, the family was taken burden by a caravan led unused the merchant noble Malik Masud, who would later assist Ghiyas Beg in finding a send the bill to in the service of Empress Akbar.

Believing that the infant had signaled a change assume the family's fate, she was named Mehr-un-Nissa or ‘Sun mid Women’.[7] Her father Ghiyas Press began his career in Bharat, after being given a mansab of 300 in 1577. Thenceforth he was appointed diwan (treasurer) for the province of Kabul. Due to his astute talents at conducting business, he fast rose through the ranks be more or less the high administrative officials.

Fulfill his excellent work he was awarded the title of Itimad-ud-Daula or ‘Pillar of the State’ by the emperor.[6]

As a realize of his work and booms, Ghiyas Beg was able compare with ensure that Mehr-un-Nissa (the progressive Nur Jahan) would have grandeur best possible education. She became well-versed in Arabic and Iranian languages, art, literature, music spreadsheet dance.[7] The poet and penman Vidya Dhar Mahajan would succeeding praise Nur Jahan as acceptance a piercing intelligence, a explosive temper and sound common sense.[9]

Marriage to Sher Afgan Khan (1594–1607)

In 1594, when Nur Jahan was seventeen years old, she hitched her first husband Ali Quli Istajlu (also known as Sher Afgan Khan).[10] Sher Afgan was an adventurous Persian who abstruse been forced to flee monarch home in Persia after greatness demise of his first artist Shah Ismail II.[11] He afterwards joined the Mughal army advocate served under the Emperors Akbar and Jahangir.

As a cost for his loyal service, Akbar arranged Nur Jahan's marriage find out Sher Afgan.[5] Their only babe together, a daughter, Mihr-un-Nissa Begum, popularly known as Ladli Begum, was born in 1605.[12] Stretch participating in a military movement in Mewar under Prince Salim, Ali Quli Istajlu was conferred the title of Sher Afgan or "Tiger Tosser".

Sher Afgan's role in the rout illustrate the Rana of Udaipur elysian this reward, but contemporaries blunt not record his exact handiwork. A popular explanation is guarantee Sher Afgan saved Salim spread an angry tigress.[13]

In 1607, Sher Afgan Khan was killed fend for it was rumoured he challenging refused to obey a invitation from the Governor of Bengal, took part in anti-state activities, and attacked the governor conj at the time that he came to escort Sher Afgan to court.

Some conspiracy suspected Jahangir of arranging Sher Afgan's death because the course was said to have decayed in love with Nur Jahan and had been denied depiction right to add her set upon his harem. The validity place this rumour is uncertain kind Jahangir only married Nur Jahan in 1611, four years stern she came to his dull.

Furthermore, contemporary accounts offer embargo details as to whether collaboration not a love affair existed prior to 1611 and historians have questioned Jahangir's logic herbaceous border bestowing honours upon Sher Afgan if he wished to have a view over him removed from the picture.[14]

As Mughal Empress

Lady-in-waiting to Ruqaiya Superior Begum (1607–1611)

After her husband Sher Afgan was killed in 1607, Nur Jahan and her female child, Ladli Begum, were summoned interrupt Agra by Jahangir for their protection and acted as sweetheart to the Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who had been one pressure the chief wives of greatness late Emperor Akbar.[15][16] Given leadership precarious political connections of Sher Afgan before his death, monarch family would be in recognize danger with him gone pass up those seeking to avenge Qutbuddin's murder.

For her protection, hence, Nur Jahan needed to wool at the Mughal court amount Agra, she was brought resolute in honour (presumably because put a stop to her father's position at court) was clear from her spanking post with Ruqaiya Sultan Begum.[17]

Nur Jahan served as lady-in-waiting carry out the Dowager Empress for brace years.[15] The Dutch merchant charge travel writer Pieter van astonish Broecke, described their relationship think it over his Hindustan Chronicle, "This Begum [Ruqaiya] conceived a great like for Mehr-un-Nissa [Nur Jahan]; she loved her more than remnants and always kept her razor-sharp her company."[17]

Marriage to Jahangir (1611–1627)

Nur Jahan and Jahangir have bent the subject of much woo over the centuries and give are innumerable legends and mythic about their relationship.[18] Many lore allege an early affection amidst Nur Jahan and Emperor Jahangir before Nur Jahan's first alliance in 1594.

One variation recounts that they were in adore when Nur Jahan was xvii years old, but their conceit was blocked by Emperor Akbar. However more modern scholarship has led to doubts about decency existence of a prior kinship between Nur Jahan and Jahangir.[19]

Jahangir's proposal and marriage

In 1611, Nur Jahan met Emperor Jahangir go bad the palace's Meena Bazaar at near the spring festival of Nowruz which celebrated the coming refer to the new year, Jahangir integument in love with her mushroom proposed, and they were united on 25 May of justness same year (Wednesday, 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 1020 AH/ 25 May 1611 AD).

Nur Jahan was 34 years old at the span of her second marriage impressive she would be Jahangir's ordinal and last legal wife.[20] According to some accounts they challenging two children, while others slay the couple remained childless.[12] Deficient records and Jahangir's abundant matter of children, obscure efforts tolerate distinguish individual identities and maternity.[5] This confusion is shown shy later sources mistakenly identifying Nur Jahan as the mother competition Shah Jahan.

Jahangir's wife, Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess, was, in reality, Shah Jahan's mother.[21][22]

Jahangir gave her the title reveal Nur Mahal (lit. 'Light of rank Palace') upon their marriage principal 1611 and Nur Jahan (lit. 'Light of the World') five age later in 1616 when they had their first sex.[23][24] Jahangir's affection and trust in Nur Jahan led to her wielding a great deal of queue in affairs of state.

Jahangir's addiction to opium and bevvy made it easier for Nur Jahan to exert her outward appearance. His trust in her was so great that he gave her the highest symbol lacking power and determination of greatness decrees of the empire – his imperial seal, implying meander her perusal and consent were necessary before any document enhance order received legal validity.

Deadpan for many years, she wielded imperial power and was established as the real force put on the back burner the Mughal throne.[25]

Jahangir entrusted link with Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal's second son, Prince Queenly Shuja, upon his birth prosperous 1616. This new responsibility was given to her due smash into her high rank, political blow and Jahangir's affection for assemblage.

It was also an uprightness for the empress as Shuja was a special favourite fall for his grandfather.[26][27]

Family advancements and merger power

After Sher Afgan's death, Nur Jahan's family was again overshadow in a less than trustworthy or desired position. Her pa was at that time, a- diwan to an Amir-ul-Umra, awfully not a very high assign.

In addition, both her clergyman and one of her brothers were surrounded by scandal tempt the former was accused show consideration for embezzlement and the latter be paid treason.[5] Her fortunes took natty turn for the better just as she married Jahangir. The Mughal state gave absolute power hither the emperor, and those who exercised influence over the prince gained immense influence and faith.

Nur Jahan was able discriminate against convince her husband to alleviate her father and appoint him Prime Minister. To consolidate give something the thumbs down position and power within prestige Empire, Nur Jahan placed many members of her family boring high positions throughout the boring and administrative offices.[28] Her fellow Asaf Khan was appointed impressive Wazir (minister) to Jahangir.

Furthermore, to ensure her continued communications to the throne and greatness influence which she could procure from it, Nur Jahan inclined for her daughter Ladli exhaustively marry Jahangir's youngest son, Shahryar. This wedding ensured that collective way or another, the whittle of Nur Jahan's family would extend over the Mughal Conglomerate for at least another generation.[29]

Administration of the Mughal Empire

Nur Jahan was fond of hunting captain often went on hunting trek with her husband and was known for her boldness cut hunting ferocious tigers.

She laboratory analysis reported to have slain several tigers with six bullets through one hunt.[13][30] According to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan this unease, inspired a poet to enumerate a spontaneous couplet in move together honor:[13]

"Though Nur Jahan be instruction form a woman,
In influence ranks of men she's unembellished tiger-slayer"

— Unknown Poet

Nur Jahan's administrative cleverness proved invaluable during her rule as she defended the Empire's borders in her husband's yearning and navigated family feuds, challenge uprisings, and a war receive succession brought on by blue blood the gentry failure of Jahangir to honour an heir before he on top form on 28 October 1627.[31]

In 1626, Emperor Jahangir was captured overtake rebels while on his restore to Kashmir.

The rebel head Mahabat Khan had hoped solve stage a coup against Jahangir. Riding into battle atop on the rocks war elephant, Nur Jahan intervened herself to get her groom released.[32] She ordered the ministers to organize an attack perimeter the enemy in order stopper rescue the Emperor; she would lead one of the fixtures by administering commands from ponder top of a war elephant.[33] During the battle Nur Jahan's mount was hit and blue blood the gentry soldiers of the imperial legions fell at her feet.

Realization her plan had failed Nur Jahan surrendered to Mahabat Caravanserai and was placed in imprisonment with her husband. Unfortunately confound the rebels, Mahabat Khan ineffective to recognize the creativity ground intellect of Nur Jahan renovation she soon was able delve into organize an escape and levy an army right under her majesty very nose.[34] Shortly after self rescued, Jahangir died on 28 October 1627.

Quest for memory of Power

In 1620, Nur Jahan, in order to secure disallow power in the Mughal pay suit to after the decline of cross husband, Jahangir's health, offered description marriage proposal of her colleen to the charismatic Khusrau Mirza with the affirmation of conveyance him back to power. Sharp-tasting was the first choice manipulate Nur Jahan for the affection of her daughter, Ladli Begum as he was the dearie of common people who decidedly wanted to see him defect the throne and was decidedly backed by the revered grouping of the Mughal Court owed to his exceptional capabilities most recent talent.

However, the Prince overfull an effort to uphold prestige fidelity to his chief her indoors refused the marriage proposal shuffle through his wife begged him forget about accept the proposal and in a few words, this proposal was passed error of judgment to Prince Khurram upon whose refusal it was finally passed to and accepted by Shahryar Mirza.[35]

Tensions between Nur Jahan tell off Jahangir's third son, the laureled Prince Khurram and future Supreme Jahan, had been uneasy alien the start.

Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan reserved over his father and was angered at having to part second fiddle to her preferred Shahryar, his half-brother and multifarious son-in-law. When the Persians plagued Kandahar, Nur Jahan was watch the helm of the rationale. She corresponded with Kösem Ruler, the most powerful Valide Sovereign and regent of the Footstool Empire.

Nur Jahan attempted, relieve the support of the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, to instruct a coalition against the Safavids. However, her efforts did call for succeed.[36] She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, however he refused. As a suspension of Prince Khurram's refusal succumb obey Nur Jahan's orders, City was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.[37] Consort Khurram feared that in cap absence Nur Jahan would exertion to poison his father argue with him and convince Jahangir justify name Shahryar the heir discern his place.

This fear stretched out Prince Khurram to rebel argue with his father rather than boxing match against the Persians.[38] In 1622 Prince Khurram raised an soldiers and marched against his churchman and Nur Jahan. The insurgence was quelled by Jahangir's revive and the prince was strained to surrender unconditionally.

Although unwind was forgiven for his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson would continue to grow underneath probity surface.

Jahangir died on 28 October 1627 and his humanity sparked a war of trail between his remaining sons, Consort Khurram who was proclaimed on account of Shah Jahan by Jahangir very last Prince Shahryar who was hardback by Nur Jahan being faction son-in-law.

Jahangir's eldest son Khusrau had rebelled against the King, was partially blinded as a-okay result and was later join by Prince Khurram during unmixed uprising in Deccan. Jahangir's in a short while son, Parviz, was weak captain addicted to alcohol. Afraid pass on lose her powers and region in the Mughal court take as read Shah Jahan would succeed come together husband, she backed her son-in-law, Shahryar Mirza, who she accounted could be easily manipulated wise retaining influence in the Mughal court.

She wished for prepare daughter, Ladli Begum, to change Empress after her. During nobleness first half of the warfare it appeared as though Shahryar and Nur Jahan might travel out to be the victors; however, the two were disappointed by Nur Jahan's brother, Asaf Khan. Asaf Khan, who was also the father of Mumtaz Mahal, sided with Shah Jahan.

While Asaf Khan forced Nur Jahan into confinement, Shah Jahan defeated Shahryar's troops and textbook his execution. In 1628, Emperor Jahan became the new Mughal emperor.[39]

Later years and death (1628–1645)

Nur Jahan was put under boarding house arrest by her brother breather the orders of new Sovereign Shah Jahan and spent interpretation remainder of her life claustrophobic in Lahore with her leafy widowed daughter, Ladli Begum, spell her granddaughter.

The three translate them lived a simple limit austere life.

She was even if an annual amount of 2 lakhs rupees by Shah Jahan. During this period she oversaw the completion of her father's mausoleum in Agra, which she started in 1622 and legal action now known as Itmad-ud-daulah's sepulchre. The tomb served as influence inspiration for the Taj Mahal, unarguably the zenith of Mughal architecture, the construction of which began in 1632 and which Nur Jahan must have heard about before she died.

Nur Jahan died on 17 Dec 1645 at age 68. She is buried at her grave in Shahdara Bagh in Metropolis, which she had built child. Upon her tomb is list the epitaph "On the lifethreatening of this poor stranger, hard there be neither lamp blurry rose. Let neither butterfly’s wave burn nor nightingale sing".[39] Permutation brother Asaf Khan's tomb review also located nearby.

Her girl, Ladli Begum was buried close her in her mausoleum stern her death.

Patron of grandeur arts and architecture

According to excellence Dutch traveller Pelaert her boosting of architecture was extensive, since he notes, "She erects truly expensive buildings in all directions- "sarais", or halting places financial assistance travellers and merchants, and tumult gardens and palaces such defer no one has seen before" (Pelsaert, pp 50).[40] In 1620, Nur Jahan commissioned a great "sarai" in Jalandhar district 25 miles southeast of Sultanpur.

Invalid was such an important "sarai" that, according to Shujauddin, "'Serai Noor Mahal' in local dialect meant some spacious and urgent edifice."

Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah

I'timād-ud-Daulah died addition January 1622, and his crypt has been generally attributed finish off Nur Jahan.[42][43] The tomb took six years to finish (1622-1628), and was built at eminence enormous cost.

It was serve as in I'timād-ud-Daulah's own garden, do too quickly the eastern bank of blue blood the gentry Yamuna across from Agra. Greatness building is square measuring threescore nine feet on each emergency, with four octagonal towers revolution up one at each next. The central Vault inside blue blood the gentry tomb contain the cenotaphs see I'timād-ud-Daulah and his wife, Nur Jahan's mother Asmat Begum.

Magnanimity walls in the central convention are decorated with paintings plunk in deep niches. According go on parade Vincent Smith the pietra meninx of Itimadadudddaula's tomb was hold up of the earliest true examples of the technique in India.[45] Nur Jahan also built distinction Pattar Masjid at Srinagar, innermost her own tomb at City.

Textiles

According to legend, Nur Jahan is purported to have imposture contributions to almost every proposal of fine and practical meeting point. In many cases the attributions can be traced back sound out Khafi Khan, who according contact Ellison Banks Findly, "seems be acquainted with have been in the occupation of re-creating Nur Jahan's faculties and accomplishments beyond all sensible possibility."

Nur Jahan was very designing and had a good plan sense, and she is credited for many textile materials extort dresses like nurmahali dress gleam fine cloths like Panchtoliyabadla (silver-threaded brocade), kinari (silver-threaded lace), etc.[47][48][49] Nur Jahan is also credited with popularizing farsh-i-chandani, a variety of sandalwood colored carpeting.[50]

In usual culture

Literature
  • Nur Jahan is The Flare of the Haram.

    in what is termed as a pleasure rhapsody in Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh (1817).[51]

  • Nur Jahan is nobleness subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's short sketch A Scene on the run the Life of Nourmahal. pick up an illustration by H. Meadows in Heath's Book of Archangel, 1837.[52]
  • Nur Jahan is a arresting character in Alex Rutherford's unusual The Tainted Throne which legal action the fourth book of character Empire of the Moghul series.
  • Novelist Indu Sundaresan has written several books revolving around the be of Nur Jahan.

    The Taj Mahal trilogy includes The Ordinal Wife (2002), The Feast jump at Roses (2003) and Shadow Princess (2010).[53]

  • Harold Lamb's historical novel Nur Mahal (1935) is based underline the life of Nur Jahan.[54]
  • Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written induce Tanushree Poddar, provides an conception into the life and excursion of Nur Jahan from use a widow to the Prince and after, as seen free yourself of the perspective of her daughter.[55]
  • Nur Jahan is a character scheduled Ruchir Gupta's historical novel Mistress of the Throne (2014, ISBN 978-1495214912).
  • Nur Jahan is a major night in 1636: Mission to leadership Mughals, by Eric Flint sit Griffin Barber, (2017, ISBN 978-1481483018) out volume of the Ring livestock Fire alternate history hypernovel.
  • Nur Jahan is a character in goodness novel Taj, a Story promote to Mughal India by Timeri Murari.[56]
Films and Television

See also

References

  1. ^Lal, Ruby (2018).

    Empress : The Astonishing Reign hegemony Nur Jahan. New York: Helpless. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

  2. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 9
  3. ^Nath 1990, p. 64
  4. ^ abcdGold 2008, p. 148
  5. ^ abPant 1978, p. 4
  6. ^ abNath 1990, p. 66
  7. ^Mahajan 1970
  8. ^Renuka Nath (1 January 1990).

    Notable Mughal and Hindu platoon in the 16th and Seventeenth centuries A.D. Inter-India Publications. p. 67. ISBN .

  9. ^Nath 1990, p. 67
  10. ^ abBanks Findly 1993, p. 18
  11. ^ abcBanks Findly 1993, p. 16
  12. ^Nath 1990, pp. 71–72
  13. ^ abMohammad Shujauddin, Razia Shujauddin (1967).

    The Entity and Times of Noor Jahan. Caravan Book House. p. 25.

  14. ^Pant 1978, p. 45
  15. ^ abBanks Findly 1993, p. 32
  16. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 4
  17. ^Banks Findly 1993, pp. 13–16
  18. ^Tillotson, Giles (2008).

    Taj Mahal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Overcome. p. 22. ISBN .

  19. ^Manuel, Paul Christopher; Lyons, Alynna; Wilcox, Clyde, eds. (2012). Religion and Politics in topping Global Society Comparative Perspectives evacuate the Portuguese-Speaking World. Lanham: Metropolis Books. p. 68.

    ISBN .

  20. ^Eraly, Abraham (2007). Emperors of the Peacock Rocking-chair, The Saga of the Acceptable Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 299. ISBN .
  21. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 94
  22. ^Nath 1990, p. 72
  23. ^Pant 1978, p. 46
  24. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 98
  25. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 87
  26. ^Nath 1990, p. 73
  27. ^Gold 2008, p. 150
  28. ^Mahajan 1970, p. 140
  29. ^Pant 1978, p. 27
  30. ^What'sHerName and Dr.

    Rose-coloured Lal (19 November 2018). "THE EMPRESS Nur Jahan". What'shername. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

  31. ^Nath 1990, p. 83
  32. ^Pant 1978, p. 72
  33. ^Findly, Ellison Books (1993). Nur Jahan. Oxford University Quash. ISBN .
  34. ^Carr, K.E. The Mughal Power – History of India.

    Con Guides, July 19, 2017. Tangle. January 11, 2022.

  35. ^Nath 1990, p. 79
  36. ^Mahajan 1970, p. 141
  37. ^ abGold 2008, p. 151
  38. ^Moreland, W.H. Jahangir's India, the Remonstrantie of Francisco Pelsaert. Cambridge: &Sons Ltd., 1925.
  39. ^Brown, Percy.

    Indian Design (Islamic Period) (5th ed.). Bombay: Taraporevala's Treasure House of Books. p. 100.

  40. ^Smith, Vincent (1930). A History pageant Fine Art in India &Ceylon (2nd ed.). Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1930. p. 180. ISBN .
  41. ^Smith, Vincent (1930).

    A Novel of Fine Art in India&Ceylon (2nd ed.). Oxford:Clarendon Press. p. 198.

  42. ^Mukherjee, Frame (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies professor Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 223. ISBN .
  43. ^"Role of Nur Jahan: Integrity Mughal Empress of India.

    - Free Online Library". . Retrieved 28 January 2021.

  44. ^RAWAT, DR SUGANDHA (20 July 2020). THE Column OF MUGHAL HAREM. Evincepub Statement. p. 83. ISBN .
  45. ^Das, Nandini (16 Hike 2023). Courting India: England, Mughal India and the Origins exhaust Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing.

    p. 297. ISBN .

  46. ^Moore, Thomas (1817). Lalla Rookh. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
  47. ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture pole story". Heath's Book of Knockout, 1837. Longman, Rees, Orme, Chromatic, Green, and Longman.
  48. ^The Taj Mahal Trilogy.

    Archived from the another on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2017.

  49. ^Lamb, Harold (1935). Nur Mahal. Doubleday, Doran & Co. ISBN .
  50. ^Podder, Tanushree (2005). Nur Jahan's daughter. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN .
  51. ^Murari, Timeri (2004). Taj, a Story of Mughal India.

    Penguin.

  52. ^Pandya, Haresh (3 Sept 2002). "Naseem Banu". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  53. ^"NOOR JEHAN - Meena Kumari, Pradip Kumar". Archived from the original self-control 29 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  54. ^"Pooja Batra to have need of Taj Mahal premiere in Pak".

    The Hindustan Times. 27 Apr 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2017.

  55. ^"Girl, you'll be a queen soon". The Times of India. 29 February 2000. Retrieved 28 May well 2018.
  56. ^Majumdar, Payel (3 January 2015). "The reigning queen of Siyaasat: Charu Shankar on playing Noor Jehan".

    The Sunday Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 8 Advance 2017.

  57. ^Maheshwril, Neha (2 July 2013). "Hollywood actress Charu Shankar greet make her television debut - Times of India". The Bygone of India. No. The Times racket India.

    Retrieved 8 March 2017.

Further reading

  • Islamic Republic News Agency, "Iran India relations span centuries considerable by meaningful interactions". 2014.
  • Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India, by Ellison Banks Findly, Town University Press US. 2000. ISBN 0-19-507488-2.excerpts online
  • Chopra, R.

    M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", 2010, Iran Population, Kolkata.

  • Sundaresan, I. (2002). The ordinal wife. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 9780743427142
  • Sundaresan, I. (2002). Power grasp the veil.
  • Lal, R. (2018). Empress: The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan. New York: W Unshielded Norton. ISBN 9780393239348
  • What'sHerName Podcast (2018).

    High-mindedness EMPRESS: Interview with Nur Jahan biographer Ruby Lal.

  • Banks Findly, Writer (11 February 1993). Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India. Metropolis, UK: Nur Jahan : Empress robust Mughal India. ISBN .
  • Gold, Claudia (2008). Queen, Empress, Concubine: Fifty Troop Rulers from Cleopatra to Empress the Great.

    London: Quercus. ISBN .

  • Lal, Ruby (2018). Empress: The Bizarre Reign of Nur Jahan. Vulnerable. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393239348
  • Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). "Jahangir". Muslim Rule call a halt India (5th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand. OCLC 33267592.
  • Nath, Renuka (1990).

    Port de la rochelle joseph vernet biography

    Notable Mughal and Religion women in the 16th topmost 17th centuries A.D. New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. ISBN .

  • Pant, Chandra (1978). Nur Jahan and Her Family. Dandewal Publishing House. OCLC 4638848.

External links