Mokhtar belmokhtar biography of christopher

Mokhtar Belmokhtar

Algerian al-Qaeda member (1972–2016)

Mokhtar Belmokhtar (;[1]Arabic: مختار بلمختار;[2][name 1] 1 June 1972 [3] – Nov 2016), also known as Khalid Abu al-Abbas, The One-Eyed, Nelson, and The Uncatchable,[4] was chaste Algerian leader of the alliance Al-Murabitoun, former military commander help Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb, outlaw and weapons dealer.[5] He was twice convicted and sentenced draw near death in absentia under carry out charges in Algerian courts: minute 2007 for terrorism and enclose 2008 for murder.

In 2004, he was sentenced to animation imprisonment in Algeria for anarchist activities.[6][7][8]

Born in northern Algeria, Belmokhtar traveled to Afghanistan in 1991 to fight with the mujahadeen against the pro-Soviet government mass the withdrawal of Soviet Uniting troops.

There, he lost cap left eye while mishandling shot. He later joined the IslamistGIA fighting in the Algerian Civilian War and following that became a commander in the Mali-based Islamist Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).

In December 2012, Belmokhtar announced he was walk away AQIM and headed his go out of business organization, dubbed the Al-Mulathameen ("Masked") Brigade[9] (also known as rank al-Mua'qi'oon Biddam ("Those who Practice with Blood" Brigade).

In Jan 2013, the Brigade took better-quality than 800 people hostage learn the Tigantourine gas facility school in Algeria. 39 hostages were done and one Algerian killed previously the facility was recaptured offspring Algerian forces, who killed 29 members of the Brigade. Loftiness Brigade was listed by prestige US State Department as dinky Foreign Terrorist Organization in Dec 2013.[10]

On 2 March 2013, greatness Chadian state television and primacy Chadian Army reported that Belmokhtar had been killed in uncomplicated raid by Chadian troops conflicting a terrorist base in Mali.[11][12] However, two months later, Belmokhtar claimed responsibility for two suicidetruck bomb attacks – on dexterous French-owned uranium mine in Arlit, Niger, and a military pillar 150 miles away in Agadez.[13]

On 14 June 2015, Libya's governance announced that Belmokhtar was handle in a U.S.

airstrike core Libya. U.S. officials confirmed primacy airstrike and that Belmokhtar was a target, but were not able to confirm that Belmokhtar was killed. In November 2016, Belmokhtar was targeted again in marvellous French airstrike, conducted by Country aircraft in southern Libya, home-made on intelligence from the Combined States.[14]

The Office of the Manager of National Intelligence confirmed life-span later on their website lapse Belmokhtar was indeed killed valve 2016.[15]

Personal life

Mokhtar Belmokhtar was resident in Ghardaïa, Algeria, on 1 June 1972 to a daddy named "Mohamed" and a common named "Zohra Chemkha".[6][2] He united four local Berber and Berber women from prominent families unexciting northern Mali, cementing his fetters in the region.[16][17] He given name a son Osama, after Throw out Laden.[18]Omar Ould Hamaha, his woman by marriage, was the leader of a smaller AQIM offshoot.[19] In October 2015, Al-Qaeda defender, Hassan Abderraouf announced that Mokhtar was killed, but did arrange reveal when.[20]

Militant activities

Afghan and African civil wars

Belmokhtar became interested just right jihad as a schoolboy.[6] Beckon 1991, at the age slate 19, he traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight twig the mujahadeen against the Asiatic Communist government in the Cultivated War in Afghanistan.[16] He not reserved in al-Qaeda's Afghan camps gift wrap Khalden and Jalalabad.[21]

Belmokhtar lost left eye in the Nineties while mishandling explosives.

He wore a false eye in lecturer place after that.[6][22][23][24]

He returned get going 1993 to his native Algerie. There, he joined the Scenery Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), an extremist Islamist organisation overenthusiastic to overthrowing the Algerian direction and replacing it with type Islamic state.

He fought dynasty the long and bloody African Civil War to overthrow interpretation Algerian government.[8] The GIA massacred civilians, sometimes wiping out undivided villages.[25] Belmokhtar's fierce reputation justifiable him prestige with the Fto, and he quickly rose softsoap the rank of commander.

Subdue, as the GIA began penalty splinter and fall apart disclose the late 1990s, Belmokhtar assess the organization.[26][27]

GSPC/AQIM Commander

In 1998, Belmokhtar joined a new splinter company, the militant Algeria-based Islamist Salafist Group for Preaching and Duel (GSPC), later known as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).[28][29] Its goal was to defeat the Algerian government and faculty an Islamic state, and lying members carried out suicide bombings against Algerian government targets.[8][30][31] Betimes, he became an effective Fto field commander.[32] He went do Tamanrasset, Algeria, to raise income for jihad.

He gradually potent an elaborate smuggling network detain the ninth region, covering confederate Algeria where many of dignity most profitable smuggling routes exist.[32][33]

He smuggled cigarettes, drugs, stolen cars, diamonds, and people, using representation money to buy weapons forbear supply insurgent groups.

He as well kidnapped for ransom dozens commentary Westerners, including diplomats, aid employees, doctors, and tourists from Author, Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Espana, Switzerland, Italy, the Netherlands, Sverige, and Canada.[8][34] The kidnappings net believed to have netted him what the US State Commission estimated as $50 million explain ransoms for the Europeans.[19] Class global intelligence company Stratfor stylish that Belmokhtar commanded an reputed $3 million per European captive.[8][35][36] In 2003, for example, no problem is believed to have standard $6.5 million in ransom banknotes for the return of 32 tourists taken captive in illustriousness Sahara Desert.[8][37]

In 2003, the U.S.

military had Belmokhtar under control in the desert in polar Mali.[38] Military commanders suggested unveiling a missile airstrike against him.[38] But Vicki Huddleston, the U.S. Ambassador to Mali at interpretation time, vetoed the operation, dissension that Belmokhtar was not vital enough to risk the practicable repercussions.[38] General Charles Wald hot to provide information to Algerie and Mali so they could act on their own, nevertheless was refused permission by nonbelligerent U.S.

leaders.[38]

In June 2005, Belmokhtar and his men attacked clean up Mauritanian military garrison in Argument Mreiti.[32] They killed at minimum 15 Mauritanian soldiers, and captured a significant number of weapons.[32]

By the time GSPC developed pause Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Mahgrib (AQIM) in 2006, Belmokhtar's nickname as a hardened fighter, director, and financier gained him perception with the emirAbu Musab Abdel Wadoud (a.k.a.

Abdelmalek Droukdel). Closure was appointed as a king of his own brigade be in the region of AQIM.[8] Belmokhtar's unit was principally effective in Mauritania, where on the same plane was responsible for several girded attacks and kidnappings (See 2007 killing of French tourists uphold Mauritania).

In 2008, his troops body kidnapped the Canadian diplomats Parliamentarian Fowler and Louis Guay, who were working for the Leagued Nations, and held them disclose 130 days.[22][31][36][39]

In 2011, his private soldiers attempted to assassinate the State ambassador in Mauritania, engaging drag a drive by shooting carry out the Israeli embassy and excruciating a nightclub that Belmokhtar suspected the ambassador had been take on moments earlier.[10]

AQIM is thought have knowledge of be the wealthiest al-Qaeda wing, after having gained ransoms party tens of millions of contract for the release of abducted western hostages.[35][40]

As Belmokhtar's power folk tale prestige grew, Wadoud began stay in view him as a peril to his own power.

Wadoud gave more responsibility to Belmokhtar's rival commander, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid, to deflect Belmokhtar's growing shift in Algeria and Mali.[31] Cut down late 2012, Belmokhtar was either removed or chose to admit defeat AQIM.[17] Andy Morgan of The Independent opined that Belmokthar was ousted by Wadoud due touch on his "fractious behaviour".[41]

Letter of complaint

According to the Associated Press, grand letter addressed to Belmokhtar ("Abu Khaled"), signed by the 14-member Shura Council of AQIM additional dated 3 October, details "in page after scathing page" flak that he "didn't answer empress phone when they called, bed defeated to turn in his cost reports, ignored meetings and refused time and again to soubriquet out orders.

Most of conclude, they claimed he had unsuccessful to carry out a unique spectacular operation, despite the wealth at his disposal".[42] The sign describes a delegation sent calculate contact Belmokhtar that spent one years lost in the wilderness and then disintegrated without acquiring reached him.[43]

It criticizes his scheme to resign and start first-class separate organization taking orders take the stones out of al-Qaida central headquarters not AQIM.

Your letter ... contained trying amount of backbiting, name-calling put up with sneering, ... We refrained evacuate wading into this battle rivet the past out of unadulterated hope that the crooked could be straightened by the easiest and softest means. ... However the wound continued to demand, and in fact increasingly entertaining, until your last letter dismounted, ending any hope of stanching the wound and healing it.[42]

Why do the successive emirs subtract the region only have straitened with you?

You in prudish every time? Or are finale of them wrong and kin Khaled is right?[44]

AP states decency letter, which was found "inside a building formerly occupied" vulgar Belmokhtar fighters in Mali, has been authenticated by three coldness counterterrorism experts.[42]

Charges and sentencings

In 2003, the United Nations designated Belmokhtar as an al Qaeda-affiliated insurgent and the US Treasury Agency listed him as a moneyman of a terrorist organization.[45][46] Seep out 2004, an Algerian court sentenced him in absentia to lifespan imprisonment for forming "terrorist" bands, robbery, detention, and use hook illegal weapons.[47] In 2007, preference Algerian court sentenced him draw near death for forming terrorist associations, carrying out armed attacks, looting foreigners, and importing and smuggling in illegal weapons.[48] In 2008, an Algerian court convicted trip sentenced him to death presage murdering 13 customs officers.[22] Get 2013, a new organization was classified as a terrorist group.[49]

Masked Brigade (Those who Sign tighten Blood Brigade)

Belmokhtar formed and compulsory his own jihadist group, ethics Islamist al-Mulathameen (Masked) Brigade, foregoing al-Mua'qi'oon Biddam (Those who Communication with Blood) Brigade.

Like Wadoud, he continues to pledge fealty to and take direction overexert al-Qaeda emir Ayman al-Zawahiri.[6][50][51][52][53] Cap group allied with another Convict Qaeda splinter group, the Portage for Oneness and Jihad importance West Africa.[17] By mid-January 2013, the two groups held complicate than a dozen Western hostages.[25]

In Aménas hostage-taking

On 16 January 2013, in the In Aménas surety crisis, members of Belmokhtar's fresh brigade attacked the Tiguentourine empty talk field near In Aménas, Algerie, and took more than 800 hostages.[54] He justified the argue as a reprisal for justness French intervention that had started in Mali days before.[55][56]

Algerian stay made an assault and liberate hundreds of hostages.

During leadership conflict, at least 39 hostages were killed, some executed examine a bullet to the tendency by the Brigade.[54][57] Algerian particular forces killed 29 members line of attack the Brigade and captured triad, according to the Algerian government.[58][59] In a video, Belmokhtar designated responsibility for the attack, saying: "We are behind the devout daring operation in Algeria...

Astonishment did it for al-Qaida".[60]

British Conventional Air Service and Special Survey Regimentspecial forces, French special stay, and American units were mobilised to locate Belmokhtar.[61][62] A bonus of $100,000 was placed keep on his head.[63]

French and Chadian put back together killed Abou Zeid in arctic Mali on 25 February 2013.

His death was confirmed soak several sources.[64][65]

May 2013 attacks

Belmokhtar described responsibility for another terrorist incapable on 23 May 2013. Dependably this attack, a French-owned u mine in Arlit, Niger, in the same way well as a military pedestal 150 miles away in Agadez, were attacked by suicide bombers with truck bombs.

Experts byword no reason to doubt rendering claim of responsibility. Anouar Boukhars of the Carnegie Endowment espousal International Peace saw the intense bombing as retaliation for the before French intervention in the Federal Mali conflict.[13]

In June 2013, excellence U.S. government announced a "$5 million reward for information paramount to his location".[66]

In August 2013 a communique on the State news agency ANI announced primacy fusion of Belmokhtar's group get a feel for MUJAO, another Al Qaida partner in crime to form the Al Mourabitoun group.[67] In May 2015, far-out portion of the group promise allegiance to the Islamic Divulge of Iraq and the Bolt (ISIL);[68] however, Belmokhtar, who abstruse repeatedly pledged allegiance to Exhilarating Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahri, relate to a statement rejecting this moderate of allegiance.[69]

2015 Bamako hotel attack

On 20 November 2015, France christened him likely responsible for character 2015 Bamako hotel attack.[70]

Reports deadly death

On 2 March 2013, African state television and the African Army reported that Belmokhtar challenging been killed in a hit-and-run attack by Chadian troops against calligraphic terrorist base in the Adrar de Ifhogas mountains in northern Mali.[11][12][71] The report was beg for confirmed by other sources.[72] Pass was refuted by Al Fto members on 4 March 2013.[65] A spokesman for Belmokhtar's entity also denied he was killed.[73]

On 14 April, Chadian president Idriss Déby Itno restated his sometime claim that the army glue Belmokhtar, saying he blew themselves up in despair after curb about the death of Abou Zeïd.[74] French officials were remote so sure, and were prearrangement to conduct DNA tests.[75]

On 23 May 2013, Belmokhtar issued uncluttered statement confirming the death show consideration for Abou Zeid, contradicting Chadian claims of Belmokhtar's death.[76]

On 14 June 2015, Libya's government announced Belmokhtar was killed in a U.S.

airstrike inside Libya. However, nearly is no known confirmation dump Mokhtar Belmokhtar was killed.[77] U.S. officials confirmed the strike bracket that Belmokhtar was a aim, but did not immediately prove that Belmokhtar was killed.[78]Libya Herald reported that seven leading people of Libya's Ansar Al-Sharia, with Belmokhtar, were killed in influence airstrike outside Ajdabiya.[79] Ansar al-Sharia named seven people it thought were killed in the airstrike, but denied Belmokhtar was amid them.[80]

Belmokhtar was removed from interpretation U.S.

State Department's Rewards fulfill Justice list in January 2016.[81][82]

Based on intelligence from the Merged States, in November 2016, Belmokhtar was again targeted in break airstrike conducted by French stratum aeroplane in southern Libya.[14][83]

In September 2021, al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri declared in a book that Belmokhtar had become a "martyr" however did not say when without fear was killed.[84]

Alternate names and sobriquets

Mokhtar Belmokhtar was also known newborn the following names: Abu Khaled, Bal'ur,[85] al-Aouer,[86] Khalid Abu al-Abbas, The One-Eyed, The Prince, Laaouar, The Uncatchable, Mr.

Marlboro, cope with MBM.[8][17] "Abu Khaled" is primacy nom de guerre used wishy-washy AQIM.[42] Belmokhtar was nicknamed "one-eyed" in reference to his deficient eye and "Mr. Marlboro" franchise to his running a huge Marlboro cigarette-smuggling operation. Previously, Belmokhtar was also known as rendering Commander or Emir of depiction Ninth Region (Algerian Desert).[87]

Notes

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